.
Inquiring Minds Want To Know — EOIR, INS, BIA, LPR,
etc., etc.
Where can I learn more about the immigration process
and the INS?
The INS` frequently asked questions page.
The INS` glossary of terms.
The INS` secret language of acronyms.
What is the INS and the EOIR?
the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) are
separate agencies within the Department of Justice
(DOJ). Both are responsible for the removal of illegal
aliens and criminal aliens residents from the United
States. The INS has the responsibility of apprehending
and bringing immigration charges against aliens. The
EOIR consists of the nationwide United States
Immigration Court system and its appellate component,
the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) in Falls Church,
Virginia. In Immigration Court proceedings, the INS
plays the role of the prosecuting agency, while the
Immigration Judges of the EOIR play the role of judge.
Cases are appealed to the twenty-three member BIA, and
then to the federal circuit courts of appeal. The
process of seeing one illegal alien or criminal resident
alien through Immigration Court hearings and the
two-stage appeal process frequently lasts years,
prolonging any final decision on deportation. As the
EOIR bureaucracy busies itself with this process, the
aliens (who were supposedly facing deportation) remain
in the United States living their lives. Though the idea
behind the hearing and appeal process was apparently for
illegal aliens to be given "due process" before being
deported, the end result is a system that only prolongs
the stay of illegal aliens and criminal alien residents
in the United States. This system is broken. It needs to
be streamlined in order for the United States to be able
to control its immigration.
How can the EOIR be abolished?
Immigration Review, as an agency of the Department of
Justice, was created through legislation. As long as
Congress is ready and willing to break up the INS into
little pieces, or parcel out its functions to other
agencies, why not eliminate the EOIR in a two-for-one
deal? How about it, lawmakers?
How could the BIA be abolished?
Immigration Appeals (BIA) was created as a creature of
regulation. The Attorney General could modify the Code
of Federal Regulations, 8 C.F.R. Section 3.1 to be
exact, and eliminate the redundant appellate component
of the EOIR. How about it, Mr. Ashcroft?
Who are the members of the EOIR`s "Board of
Immigration Appeals" (BIA)?
from immigration courts around the country.
See if there`s anyone you know.
Who pays for the aliens` transcriptions of the
Immigration Court proceedings when they appeal cases to
the Board of Immigration Appeals?
appellate court in the country, the BIA gives lower
court transcripts for free to all the aliens appealing,
no matter how frivolous the appeal.
Where are all the EOIR immigration judges hiding?
"Immigration Courts," wearing black robes.
See if they`re in your town.
What do the immigration judges do?
determining whether illegal aliens and criminal alien
residents are removable from the United States.
Immigration Court hearings are called "removal"
proceedings under Section 240 of the Immigration and
Nationality Act. But with so many ways available for
aliens to avoid actually being removed, these "removal"
proceedings really should be called "get to stay"
proceedings. Getting aliens to stay in the United States
winds up being the primary focus of this bureaucratic
exercise.
immigration status, and serves the alien with a "Notice
to Appear" in removal proceedings, the Immigration Judge
reviews the charges again to see if the alien is
deportable. The charges are based on the alien
committing criminal activity or violating the terms of
legal immigration status. If the immigration judge finds
that the INS has presented "clear and convincing
evidence" that the alien is removable from the United
States, the immigration judge will issue an order of
removal. But that is just the beginning of a process
where the alien wins just by being in it, because of the
inherent delay, delay, delay of the system.
How do aliens avoid being deported in Immigration
Court?
met its burden of burden of proof by "clear and
convincing evidence," then the case is terminated, and
the alien is free to disappear back into the United
States. But if the alien is found removable, the alien
can apply from a laundry list of relief from removal
contained in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
in order to prevent being issued an order of
deportation. That`s why "removal" proceedings really
should be called "get to stay" proceedings. Here`s the
proof. Here`s the laundry list of legal ways that aliens
can avoid being ordered deported by the EOIR`s
Immigration Court (note that any denial of these
benefits can be "appealed" through the BIA and federal
courts in order to postpone any actual departure from
the United States):
Claim for United States citizenship.
Though immigration judges do not grant citizenship to
aliens. But they can find that the INS has failed to
prove "alienage" by "clear and convincing evidence,"
resulting in the alien not being "removable" from the
United States.
Voluntary departure.
The alien leaves the country after a certain amount of
time, paying travel expenses and avoiding an order of
deportation. The alien is free to reapply to enter
legally, or just go ahead and enter illegally again.
INA Section 240B
Adjustment of status under Section 245.
The alien applies for resident alien status (a "green
card") during the very same Immigration Court
proceedings that were supposed to deport the alien! The
alien must have an approved immigrant visa petition from
the INS with a visa number currently available in order
to get this benefit. Immigration Judges often wait for
the visa numbers to become current so that the aliens
can apply for adjustment.
INA Section 245
Adjustment of status under Section 245(i).
This is a stealth amnesty program! If someone who is
illegally in the United States without current status is
NOT immediately deported, this alien is being given the
benefit of an amnesty! Section 245(i) allows aliens who
have no legal status in the United States to avoid being
deported as long as they file a visa petition (through a
spouse, parent, child, brother, sister) prior to a
certain date. These aliens should have been put on a bus
or a plane instead of being given the opportunity to
file visa petitions. Unfortunately, Congress has been
threatening to extend this benefit to more persons who
don`t deserve it, waiving the "unlawful presence"
grounds of the immigration law. These aliens, by
definition, have already shown that they are not willing
to abide by the immigration laws of the United States.
Section 245(i) beneficiaries have actually cut in line
ahead of the thousands of visa beneficiaries who
lawfully waited their turn outside of the country until
a visa number becomes available. Instead, the 245(i)
crowd violated our laws, and now can benefit from their
misdeeds.
Help the
Federation for American Immigration Reform stop the
extension of the 245(i) program!
INA Section 245(i)
Political asylum.
The alien granted political asylum leaves Immigration
Court as a "refugee" and can apply for a resident alien
card in a year. The alien must prove past persecution
(or a well-founded fear of future persecution) under one
of the five statutorily protected grounds, "race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion." As you might have
suspected, these categories are under constant expansion
by liberal rulings of the BIA and the federal appellate
courts. Any alien that says the magic words "political
asylum" could win a life in the United States.
INA Section 208
Withholding of removal.
A stricter flavor of political asylum where the alien
remains in the United States, but cannot apply for
resident alien status. INA Section 208
Withholding or deferral of removal under Article 3 of
the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
The alien must show a "clear probability" of being
tortured in the alien`s native country.
INA Section 241(b)(3)
Cancellation of removal for non-permanent residents.
This benefit is another rolling amnesty program which
rewards illegal aliens for disobeying the law! Aliens
who have lived illegally in this country for ten years
and have a U.S citizen or resident alien relative who is
a spouse, parent or child can be rewarded with a "green
card" in the Immigration Court proceedings that were
originally initiated to deport the alien! Thanks to this
perverse incentive of our immigration laws, illegal
aliens can benefit from their contempt for our law. If
the aliens manage to hide for ten years and procreate,
they are home free to get a green card. Only in America.
INA Section 240A(b)(1)
Suspension of deportation.
This benefit was the first rolling amnesty in
immigration law. If an illegal alien avoided deportation
for seven years, the alien didn`t even need to have a
"qualifying relative" as in the "cancellation of
removal" give-away. The alien could then claim
"hardship" to himself if deported, regardless of any
hardship to his relatives! Again, this give-away rewards
those who have broken our immigration laws by living and
working in the country illegally.
INA Section 244(a)
Registry.
This benefit is yet another stealth "amnesty" for aliens
who didn`t bother to apply for the 1986 amnesty give-aways.
Aliens who have been in the United States since 1972 can
get a "green card" through registry.
INA Section 249
Special suspension of deportation under the Nicaraguan
Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of 1997.
The shameless give-away of NACARA provides special
benefits to prior political asylum applicants
(regardless of the merits of their asylum claims) who
have been living in the United States from a laundry
list of countries: Nicaragua, Cuba, El Salvador,
Guatemala, former Soviet Union, Russia, Latvia, Estonia,
Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania,
Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, former East Germany, former
Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia,
Croatia, Slovenia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan,
Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgystan.
Come on down!
Cancellation of removal for permanent residents.
This benefit allows criminal aliens who are permanent
resident aliens to maintain their "green cards" in spite
of their crimes. The alien must have been a permanent
resident for five years and have legal status of some
kind for seven years. Criminal aliens can only get this
type of relief to excuse a deportation only once. Given
this "one free shot" provision of the statute, the
immigration judges of the EOIR are often tempted to
grant this benefit routinely as a "second chance." But
criminal aliens frequently are not put in deportation
proceedings after their first crime though, so even
though the INS may miss many chances to deport an alien,
the aliens always get a "second chance" with the EOIR
system.
INA Section 240A(a)
Section 212(c) waiver.
This benefit is the first incarnation of the resident
alien "cancellation of removal" provisions. Section 212
(c) relief also allowed resident alien criminals to keep
their "green cards" in spite of their crimes. Congress
attempted to scale back this form of relief to deport
many drug smugglers and violent felons, but their
efforts were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court on
June 25, 2001. The case of
INS v. St. Cyr gave green cards back to
countless numbers of dangerous criminals, allowing them
to continue preying on our society. The decision was a 5
to 4 vote.
Shame on you, Anthony Kennedy! You should know better!
Waivers for "crimes involving moral turpitude" including
theft crimes, sex crimes and possession of less than 30
grams of marijuana.
INA Section 212(h)
Waivers for alien smuggling.
INA Sections 212(d)(11) and 241(a)(1)(E)(iii); and an
exception under INA Section 241(a)(1)(E)(ii).
Waivers for immigration fraud.
INA Sections 212(i) and 241(a)(1)(H)
More waivers for document fraud, exchange visitors,
health-related reasons, labor certification
requirements, reentry after deportation, conditional
resident status, and crimes given a state or federal
pardon.
INA Section 211(b)
INA Section 211(c)
INA Section 212(d)(4)
INA Section 212(e)
INA Section 212(k)
INA Section 216(c)(4)
INA Section 241(a)(2)(A)(v)
8 C.F.R. 212.2
Who else could do all the work if the EOIR and the
Immigration Court system is abolished?
of federal government employees around the country and
at United States consulates abroad who already perform
the same functions as the employees of the EOIR. They
already do the same jobs in a fraction of the time,
without the ridiculous bureaucratic delay of endless
hearings and appeals, and at a fraction of the cost of
EOIR`s government lawyers in black robes. Here`s who is
already doing the EOIR`s job or could do it better in a
heartbeat:
INS District Adjudications Officers (examiners) –
adjustment of status, derivative citizenship claims,
inadmissibility waivers
INS Asylum Officer Corps – political asylum, withholding
of removal, U.N. Convention Against Torture
INS Special Agents (investigators) – administrative
removal, criminal alien apprehension
INS Deportation Officers – administrative removal,
criminal alien removal
U.S. Border Patrol Agents – administrative removal,
Section 235(b) determinations
INS Immigration Inspectors – expedited removal, Section
235(b) determinations
INS District Directors – waivers, registry, humanitarian
parole
INS District Counsels – provide legal advice to all of
the above (if needed) in determining whether aliens are
removable
U.S. consular officers abroad – all immigrant and
non-immigrant visa processing, political asylum, refugee
petitions, United States citizenship determinations
Relief that should be abolished – all stealth amnesty
provisions that reward law-breaking; including Section
245(i) adjustments, and non-permanent resident
cancellation of removal under Section 240A(b).
But what about if someone gets deported that wasn`t
supposed to be deported?
deal.
Deportation is not a criminal sentence for prison time
or the death penalty. If the alien was "wrongfully"
deported, all the alien would have to do is ask to come
back in again! Any foreign national has the potential of
showing up at a United States consulate in any country
of the world, or showing up at a United States land
border at any time to make an inquiry. If the alien
claims to be a United States citizen, that claim could
be heard. Our immigration inspectors and consular
officers make decisions as to who should be admitted to
the United States every day of the year. We already
trust them to make these determinations. If aliens
believe that a mistake was made, all the alien has to do
is reapply for admission!
It`s as simple as that.
What is an Immigration Bond?
the custody conditions for aliens detained for
Immigration Court proceedings. But these decisions are
immediately reviewed and second-guessed by the
Immigration Judges throughout the country in Immigration
Court. The Immigration Judges can turn around and
release just about any alien where the INS sets a bond,
except the most serious criminal aliens. The BIA then
can review the rulings of their fellow EOIR employees
(the Immigration Judges). After that, the federal
circuit courts of appeal can review the decisions of the
BIA, making a federal case out of the detention bond
amount for every single alien detained by the INS. With
this system in place, it is no wonder that the INS
actually detains so few aliens, compared to the
staggering amount of illegal aliens and criminal
resident aliens in this country. So while the
Immigration Court proceedings go on and on, with all the
needless delay that the EOIR bureaucrats can muster,
aliens released from INS custody continue their illegal
and criminal presence in this country.
Why is detention, detention, detention so important?
illegal aliens and criminal alien residents, the aliens
need to be detained throughout the process. If the
aliens are not kept in federal custody, there is no
guarantee that the government will ever see them again.
The deportation system as it is now is broken. It is a
process bogged down in the unnecessarily bureaucratic
hearing process of the EOIR.
Who pays for deported aliens to be flown back to
their native countries?
agency, booking one-way trips for deported aliens
(usually with an officer escort) all over the world.
How is the INS organized?
everyone in Congress wants to burn it down to the
ground…apparently the only question remaining is how
close to the ground to do it, and whether to restructure
it of abolish it entirely.
What does INS really mean?
Just how badly managed is the INS?
syndicated columnist. Not convinced yet? Check
this one out too.
What is an alien?
the United States." This definition comes from the terms
of Section 101(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality
Act of 1952 (with amendments by Congress through 2001).
Contrary to politically-correct belief, the word "alien"
is not a cuss word. It is defined by United States
statute. Aliens can be either legally or illegally in
the U.S.
What`s the difference between legal and illegal
aliens?
foreign nationals who have entered the U.S. without any
legal status. The most common ways are by either
crossing a land or sea border without being inspected by
an immigration officer, or simply by violating the terms
of a legal entry document. Legal aliens are entitled to
enter and remain in the U.S. as long as they maintain
the terms of their legal status. Legal aliens who have
entered the U.S. with various types or non-immigrant
visas can become illegal by not obeying the terms of
that visa.
What`s a green card?
Immigration and Naturalization Service. This card
identifies the alien as a "lawful permanent resident
alien" in the United States who is entitled to live and
work in the country.
What`s an LPR?
has a legal "green card" and is entitled to live and
work in the United States, and to file petitions to
bring more alien family members into the United States.
According to the INS, a "permanent resident alien"
is an alien admitted to the United States as a lawful
permanent resident. Permanent residents are also
commonly referred to as immigrants; however, the
Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) broadly defines an
immigrant as any alien in the United States, except one
legally admitted under specific nonimmigrant categories
(INA section 101(a)(15)). An illegal alien who entered
the United States without inspection, for example, would
be strictly defined as an immigrant under the INA but is
not a permanent resident alien. Lawful permanent
residents are legally accorded the privilege of residing
permanently in the United States. They may be issued
immigrant visas by the Department of State overseas or
adjusted to permanent resident status by the Immigration
and Naturalization Service in the United States.
Can legal or illegal aliens be deported?
that illegal aliens that never had any status in the
U.S. at all could be deported immediately, but that
would be too easy. Unless illegal aliens agree to leave
the U.S. voluntarily, they will be placed in the endless
Immigration Court proceedings, and may even wind up with
a "green card" before the process is over. Legal aliens
are subject to deportation if they commit certain crimes
classified as "deportable offenses" under the
Immigration and Nationality Act. Fortunately, having a
"green card" doesn`t mean having a free pass for a
foreign national to commit crimes in the U.S. Unlike our
own citizen criminals, alien criminals are under the
threat of deportation because of their actions. But as
the system is set up, the United States does not take
full advantage of the luxury of bring able to clean
house of its foreign criminals. Once in deportation
proceedings, many criminal aliens wind up keeping their
LPR status, in spite of long records of criminal
activity. Many criminal aliens actually pass through the
state and federal criminal justice systems undetected as
foreign nationals. Unless the INS places these criminal
aliens in deportation proceedings, the criminal aliens
just vanish back into American society after serving
time for state or federal crimes.
What`s the difference between an "immigrant" and a
"non-immigrant?"
States with lawful permanent resident status. These
aliens are entitled to live and work in the U.S. and to
file petitions to bring in other alien family members
into the U.S. under certain categories. Alien spouses,
parents, siblings and children can be brought into the
United States through immigrant visa petitions, creating
an endless chain of family "chain migration." Aliens can
also obtain immigrant status through petitions by their
employers.
According to the INS, a "non-immigrant" is "an alien
who seeks temporary entry to the United States for a
specific purpose. The alien must have a permanent
residence abroad (for most classes of admission) and
qualify for the nonimmigrant classification sought. The
nonimmigrant classifications include: foreign government
officials, visitors for business and for pleasure,
aliens in transit through the United States, treaty
traders and investors, students, international
representatives, temporary workers and trainees,
representatives of foreign information media, exchange
visitors, fiance(e)s of U.S. citizens, intra-company
transferees, NATO officials, religious workers, and some
others. Most non-immigrants can be accompanied or joined
by spouses and unmarried minor (or dependent) children."
Would a national U.S. citizen identification card
help to fight illegal immigration?
to carry a passport and visa, or their permanent
resident alien card with them at all times. Aliens in
the U.S. already have their own "national ID card," but
the problem is that no one in law enforcement bothers to
check them anyhow! Forcing United States citizens to
have a new "citizen ID" is not necessary. Every state in
the union already issues their own ID in the form of a
driver`s license. Until the INS or some other law
enforcement agency starts checking aliens for proper
documents systematically, there is no need for another
form of ID for U.S. citizens.
What is an OTM?
border who are "other than Mexican." In fact, there are
aliens from many countries apprehended in remote
locations of the U.S. land border. There are Iraqis,
Hondurans, Mainland Chinese, Ukrainians, Guatemalans,
Somalians, Cubans, Brazilians, Pakistanis, Indians and
illegal aliens from many other "exotic" countries
apprehended at our borders every night.
What is "amnesty?"
Control Act of 1986 gave away resident alien status to
illegal aliens on a massive scale. The aliens were
obliged to "prove" that they were in the United States
illegally prior to a certain date, or that they had
performed only ninety-days of field work during a
certain period … and presto! . . . instant green card!
Needless to say that the "proof" required for these
applications was an open invitation for fraud. As we
know now, the 1986 amnesty programs did nothing to solve
the problems of illegal immigration. It was a disaster
of enormous proportions, rewarding aliens who had
already served notice on our country that they were
unwilling to abide by our immigration laws.
Who were the beneficiaries of the 1986 amnesty?
According to the Center for Immigration Studies,
"several hundred thousand amnesty applicants came from a
dozen zip codes concentrated in a five mile radius of
city hall in Los Angeles, California." This data was
part of a prolific report, "Immigration and California
Communities, C.I.S. Backgrounder, February 1999 by
William A.V. Clark. Southern California has never been
the same since. Just ask Glenn Spencer from
American Patrol.
The federal government has stopped giving amnesty to
illegal aliens, right?
that every alien that is not deported immediately has
been granted a de facto amnesty of their own, due to our
government`s inability to enforce our immigration laws.
Here are the immigration programs now in effect now that
are stealth amnesty benefits for aliens:
Registry.
This benefit is yet another stealth "amnesty" for aliens
who didn`t bother to apply for the 1986 amnesty give-aways.
Aliens who have been in the United States since 1972 can
get a green card through registry.
INA Section 249
Adjustment of status under Section 245(i).
This is a stealth amnesty program! If someone who is
illegally in the United States without current status is
NOT immediately deported, this alien is being given the
benefit of an amnesty! Section 245(i) allows aliens who
have no legal status in the United States to avoid being
deported as long as they file a visa petition (through a
spouse, parent, child, brother, sister) prior to a
certain date. These aliens should have been put on a bus
or a plane instead of being given the opportunity to
file visa petitions. Unfortunately, Congress has been
threatening to extend this benefit to more persons who
don`t deserve it, waiving the "unlawful presence"
grounds of the immigration law. These aliens, by
definition, have already shown that they are not willing
to abide by the immigration laws of the United States.
Section 245(i) beneficiaries have actually cut in line
ahead of the thousands of visa beneficiaries who
lawfully waited their turn outside of the country until
a visa number becomes available. Instead, the 245(i)
crowd violated our laws, and now can benefit from their
misdeeds.
Help the
Federation for American Immigration Reform stop the
extension of the 245(i) program!
Cancellation of removal for non-permanent residents.
This benefit is another rolling amnesty program which
rewards illegal aliens for disobeying the law! Aliens
who have lived illegally in this country for ten years
and have a U.S citizen or resident alien relative who is
a spouse, parent or child can be rewarded with a "green
card" in the Immigration Court proceedings that were
originally initiated to deport the alien! Thanks to this
perverse incentive of our immigration laws, illegal
aliens can benefit from their contempt for our law. If
the aliens manage to hide for ten years and procreate,
they are home free to get a green card. Only in America.
INA Section 240A(b)(1)
Who is smuggling drugs and aliens into this country?
illegal aliens, are ready, willing and able to smuggle
drugs and aliens into our country at any time. And they
do. It`s highly probable that a large percentage of
these smugglers, not to mention our other "resident"
criminal aliens, are permanent resident aliens who were
the beneficiaries of the 1986 "amnesty" give-away
programs. Any evidence about a smuggling and "amnesty"
connection, though largely anecdotal, is probably
available somewhere within the bureaucratic morass of
the INS. Who knows just how many of our current criminal
aliens and their families came to this country through
the failed "Amnesty" program of 1986.
What have our neighbors to the south especially from
Michoacan, Mexico, brought to the United States —
everywhere from Fresno, California, to Des Moines, Iowa?
the Mexican methamphetamine trade in the series
"A Madness Called Meth" by the McClatchy Company`s
California newspapers.
Got any good slogans for reforming the Immigration
and Nationality Act?
Just what is this thing called "temporary protected
status" (TPS) and is it really temporary?
According to the INS, Temporary Protected Status (TPS)
establishes a legislative basis for allowing a group of
persons temporary refuge in the United States. Under a
provision of the Immigration Act of 1990, the Attorney
General may designate nationals of a foreign state to be
eligible for TPS with a finding that conditions in that
country pose a danger to personal safety due to ongoing
armed conflict or an environmental disaster. Grants of
TPS are initially made for periods of 6 to 18 months and
may be extended depending on the situation. Removal
proceedings are suspended against aliens while they are
in Temporary Protected Status." As you might have
suspected, TPS is just one more delay in the whole EOIR/INS
bureaucracy which allows aliens to remain in the country
longer. There is also no guarantee that the INS will
ever see any of the aliens who have been granted TPS
again, or that they will voluntarily surrender
themselves for the deportation process when the
"temporary" period is over.
Who has Temporary Protected Status?
According to the INS, "the countries (or parts
thereof) which are currently designated under the TPS
program are Angola, Burundi, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Sierra Leone, Montserrat, Somalia & Sudan."
Gee, if aliens from Somalia and Sudan get TPS, how
do we know if they`re not terrorists or their
supporters?
havens!
According to the U.S. Department of State, "Iran,
Iraq, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, and Sudan
continue to be the seven governments that the U.S.
Secretary of State has designated as state sponsors of
international terrorism. Iran remained the most active
state sponsor of terrorism in 2000."
According to the Washington Post, ("Somalia Draws
Anti-Terrorist Focus," by David B. Ottaway and Thomas E.
Ricks, November 4, 2001) "An interagency working group
involving intelligence analysts from the State
Department, Pentagon, CIA and National Security Council
has been meeting for the past three weeks to discuss
where and how al Qaeda operates in the East African
country, according to several administration sources.
Somalia has been a center of al Qaeda activity since
1993, when bin Laden sent several top lieutenants to
provide assistance to Mohamed Farah Aideed, a local
warlord. Aideed`s forces killed 18 U.S. Army troops
serving in a U.N. peacekeeping force in a firefight in
October of that year. Television images of an American
body being dragged through the streets of the capital,
Mogadishu, shocked the Clinton administration and
precipitated its decision to withdraw all U.S. forces
from the country."
November 05, 2002
